Remodeling India’s Investment Treaty Regime
On July 6, 2016, the Dutch government announced that it has received an official notification from Indian authorities seeking termination of the bilateral investment protection treaty (BIT) signed between the Netherlands and India in 1995. The Netherlands is not the only country which has received notice of termination. India has recently served similar termination notices to as many as 57 countries (including the UK, France, Germany, Spain and Sweden) with whom the initial duration of the treaty has either expired or will expire soon.
For the remaining 25 countries (such as China, Finland and Mexico) with whom the initial duration of the treaty will expire from July 2017 onwards, India has requested them to sign joint interpretative statements to clarify ambiguities in treaty texts so as to avoid expansive interpretations by arbitral tribunals. In this regard, a comprehensive joint interpretative statement text has been prepared by the Indian government clarifying the meaning and intention of key treaty provisions. For instance, the text clarifies that “the treaties that are silent on inclusion or exclusion of taxation measures from their scope, it is implied that such treaties do not apply to any law or measure regarding taxation, including measures taken to enforce taxation obligations.”
India has recently served termination notices to as many as 57 countries with whom the initial duration of the treaty has either expired or will expire soon.
The India-Netherlands BIT has recently come into public notice owing to a high profile capital gains tax dispute between the UK-based telecom giant Vodafone Group Plc and Indian tax authorities. In April 2014, Vodafone International Holdings BV (Dutch subsidiary of Vodafone Group) served an arbitration notice to India challenging the tax demand worth more than $2 billion for acquiring 67% controlling interest in Hutchison Essar Limited in 2007. Since Vodafone routed this investment through its Dutch subsidiary, it launched arbitration proceedings against India using India-Netherlands BIT.
Does the termination of India-Netherlands BIT mean the end of the protections? The answer is No. This treaty contains a so-called “sunset clause” which extends protection to all qualifying investments (made before the date of termination) for additional 15 years. In other words, investments made in India before December 2016 (by Vodafone and other Dutch-based firms) will continue to benefit from the Treaty’s protections until December 2031.
India’s New Policy Framework
This policy initiative is essentially an outcome of India’s new Model BIT (2015) that provides a more balanced and coherent policy framework, in tune with domestic investment policies as well as new realities of international investment landscape. India is currently facing more than dozen claims from foreign investors seeking billions of dollars in compensation for the alleged violation of investment treaties signed by it.
The government intends to replace existing BITs with a new set of treaties in order to strike a fine balance between investor rights, regulatory space and investor responsibilities.
The new Model BIT is a major departure from earlier models (1993 and 2003) as it provides protection to foreign investors in limited circumstances. Under the new Model, controversial clauses such as Most Favoured Nation (MFN) have been completely dropped while the scope of national treatment (NT) and Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) clauses has been considerably narrowed down.
India’s new Model BIT is a major departure from earlier models (1993 and 2003) as it provides protection to foreign investors in limited circumstances.
Although investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism – which allows investors to initiate international arbitration against states and thereby bypass domestic courts entirely – has been retained but access to ISDS mechanism has been made conditional on the exhaustion of local remedies. In simple words, foreign investors will have to first approach the relevant domestic courts for the resolution of an investment dispute before commencing an arbitration case.
Besides, the new Model provides an exhaustive list of economic, environmental and social measures which shall be exempted under the Treaty. This includes taxation matters, intellectual property rights and measures to protect macroeconomic stability.
Putting New Model into Practice
The decision to terminate 57 existing treaties may have surprised many critics who believed that this new policy framework can’t be put into practice.
The next big task for India is to negotiate its future investment treaties as per the new Model text. India is currently negotiating standalone BIT with the US and Canada besides investment chapter is part of proposed free trade agreement with the EU. The negotiations for India-EU FTA were launched way back in in 2007.
The next big task for India is to negotiate its future investment treaties as per the new Model text.
Since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty (2009), the competence for international investment agreements has shifted from individual member-states to the EU. Therefore, it is unlikely that India and the Netherlands will start negotiations for a new bilateral investment treaty without the European Commission in the picture. Perhaps both countries may wait and watch till the negotiations on the proposed India-EU FTA are finished.
India is also a major player in the ongoing negotiations for Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) – a mega regional FTA being negotiated between 16 countries – which will also cover investment protection issues.
Brexit Push
Post-Brexit, there is a renewed push by the UK to forge closer bilateral trade and investment ties with India. On its part, India is also keen to sign a new BIT with the UK as the previous treaty of 1994 has proved problematic to the country but rewarding to foreign investors. In June 2016, Cairn Energy, the Edinburgh-based oil firm, filed an arbitration claim under the previous India-UK BIT seeking $5.6 billion in compensation from the Indian government for raising a retrospective tax demand of $1.6 billion in 2014.
India is also keen to sign a new treaty with the UK as the previous BIT proved problematic.
Sajid Javid, Business Secretary of the UK, visited India this month to explore the possibility of a free trade pact between two nations in the near future. It is important to note that India was the first destination for his trade talks since the UK voted to leave the European Union. Instead of seeking a new standalone BIT, both India and the UK may opt for an investment protection chapter under a comprehensive FTA. Given the current deadlock over the India-EU FTA, India’s chances of entering into a FTA with the UK are far greater than its chances of doing so with the EU.
Rethinking BITs
Like India, many other countries are currently rethinking, revising and rewriting their investment protection treaties. Our newly edited book, Rethinking Bilateral Investment Treaties, contains in-depth analyses of important changes in investment treaty regimes of South Africa, India, Indonesia and Brazil.
South Africa, for instance, has recently replaced its BIT regime with a new domestic law which does not permit the use of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism. Ecuador and Indonesia have unilaterally terminated several of their treaties and are currently reviewing their BIT regimes.
Ecuador and Indonesia have unilaterally terminated several of their treaties and are currently reviewing their BIT regimes.
In Europe, investment protection agreements are also facing stiff opposition from public and civil society groups. A few months back, 260 civil society organizations across Europe had called on the European Commission to eliminate the ISDS mechanism and its replacement (Investment Court System) from the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and all other FTAs. Of late, the Netherlands too is reviewing its approach towards investment treaties. The Netherlands has identified four areas for reforms and decided to revise all of its 91 BITs accordingly.
In academic circles, serious questions are being raised on the impediments imposed by investment treaties in addressing social, economic, environmental and developmental challenges of 21st century.
New Policy Challenges
In the last one decade, India’s investment landscape has considerably changed. India is no longer a purely capital-importing nation. Since 2005, Indian companies are increasingly looking at expanding their global footprint by investing abroad. The Indian investors are increasingly seeking investment protection tools in those jurisdictions which are generally perceived to have greater potential risks and uncertainties related to regulatory framework and political climate. Hence, it remains to be seen how New Delhi will strike a fine balance between the competing claims of this nature.
India is no longer a purely capital-importing nation. Since 2005, Indian companies are increasingly looking at expanding their global footprint by investing abroad.
Further, it is not yet clear what would be the Indian government’s approach towards investment chapters of FTAs. The termination of investment chapters of FTAs is fraught with complexity and legal hurdles. As pointed out by Abdulkadir Jailani, an official from Indonesia’s Foreign Ministry, the termination of an investment chapter of a FTA may not be legally possible unless it is done altogether with all chapters of that agreement, or such an option is explicitly mentioned in that agreement.
Needless to say, all these developments on India’s engagements with bilateral investment treaties are being closely watched by foreign investors, policy makers, domain experts, academia, civil society and media across the world.
Kavaljit Singh works with Madhyam. Burghard Ilge is a Senior Policy Officer with Both ENDS (Amsterdam).
A shorter version of this article first appeared here on the beyondbrics blog of the Financial Times on July 15, 2016.
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